1. Introduction

2. Speech and/or Writing: Literature and the Media of Language

Problem Cases
i. Ballads
ii. Revisions
iii. "Emblem" Poems
iv. Shaped Poems
v. Concrete Poetry

3. Spelling

i. Establishing the Norms
ii. American Spelling
iii. The Poetic and the Informal
iv. Diacritics
v. Studying the Deviations: Archaism
vi. Spelling and Dialect
vii. Interlanguage
viii. Eye Dialect
ix. Eye Rhyme
x. Puns
xi. Finnegans Wake

4. Punctuation

i. The Role of Punctuation
ii. On the History of Punctuation
iii. Punctuation in Tristram Shandy
iv. Current Norms of Punctuation
v. Iconic Punctuation
vi. Absence of Punctuation: Prose
vii. Punctuation in Modernist Verse
viii. Patterned Punctuation
ix. Punctuation and Closure
x. A Note on Closure in Prose Fiction

5. Typography

i. Introduction
ii. The History of Italics
iii. Other Typefaces

6. Layout

i. Layout and Genre
ii. Layout and Deviations from the Norm
iii. Tristram Shandy
iv. Modernist Fiction
v. Concrete Poetry
vi. A Note on Acrostics

7. Translation

i. Introduction
ii. Graphic Devices in the Target Text
iii. Graphic Devices in the Source Text
iv. In Conclusion

Appendix A

Version A
Version B

Sources of Texts

Text Results

Notes

Index