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Acknowledgments

1. Prolegomenon to a Theory of Markedness

Markedness
Roman Jakobson: Linguista sum: linguistici nihil a me alienum puto
The Mystery of the Word: Opposition and Feature
The System of Language: Duality of Patterning and Hierarchization of Structure

2. On Markedness

Toward a Theory of Markedness
Markedness and Markedness Values
Semantic Markedness: Nonequivalence of Signifieds
Formal Marking and Distribution
Syncretization
Prototypes and Best Examples
Summary: Diagnostics of the Breadth of Meaning
Phonological Markedness
The Phonological Features and Markedness Reversals in Phonology
Markedness Reversals in Semantics
Syntactic Markedness
A Theory of Markedness

3. Markedness Principles and the Values of Grammatical Categories

Introduction: The Alignment of Units and Contexts
Case Oppositions
Nominative and Objective Cases
The Genitive
Elliptical Contexts
Zero-Objective and Zero-Nominative Pronouns
Reflexive versus Personal Pronouns
Singular and Plural in the Pronominal System: The Markedness of Singular Pronouns
Person, Gender, and Animacy
Summary: Values, Assimilation, and Form-Content Alignment
The Verbal Categories: An Introduction
Form Categories of the Verb
Semantics of the Verbal Categories
Finite Indicative Verbs
Verbal Aspect
The Progressive
Mood Distinctions
Finiteness and Voice
Word Order
The Complementarity of Form and Content
Summary: Determining Values and Finding Principles

4. Phonology, Morphology, and Morphophonemics

The Markedness Values of Phonological Features
Markedness Values of the English Consonants
The Markedness Assignments of Vowels and Glides
Marked and Unmarked Features in English Syllable Onsets and Codas
Sound-Meaning Diagrammatization in Morphology and Morphophonemics
Universality Revisited
Concluding Remarks in Markedness Patterns

5. Markedness and Language Change

Markedness in Theories of Language Change
Laws of Synchrony and Diachrony
Syntactic Naturalness as Complexity
Phonotactic Change as Unmarking
The Tendency Not to Accumulate Marks
Markedness Diagrams as a Goal of Change
The Shifting of Second Person Pronoun Forms
The Direction of Change

6. Retrospective and Prospectus

A Look Back
Wider Horizons
Right and Left in Symbol Classification
The Greeks
The Kaguru
The Nyoro
Markedness Assimilation in Symbol Classification
Inversions
A Few Final Examples

Notes

Bibliography

Name Index

Subject Index