Acknowledgments
List of Figures
List of Tables
Key to Symbols
1. Introduction
1.1 Translating by Factors
1.2 The Modals for a Case Study
1.3 Goal of This Study
2. Formal Factors: Syntax and Morphology
2.1 Conjugation and Suffixation
2.2 No Imperative Mood
2.3 Direct Linkage to a Full Verb
2.4 No DO Periphrasis
2.5 No Nonfinite Forms
2.6 Word Order
2.7 Ellipsis
2.8 Word Class
2.9 Selection Restrictions
3. Semantic Factors
3.1 Polysemy
3.2 The Modal System
3.3 Types of Meaning
3.4 Voice
3.5 Tense
3.6 Indirect Speech
4. Pragmatic Factors
4.1 Illocutionary Force
4.2 Perlocution
4.3 Factuality
4.4 Situation
4.5 Permanent Language Varieties
4.6 Culture
5. Factors Relating to Spoken and Written Languages
5.1 Relative Frequency of Forms
5.2 Prosody
5.3 Punctuation
5.4 Syntactic Anticipation
6. Factors Relating to Translation Units and Types of Equivalents
6.1 Zero Equivalence
6.2 Morpheme
6.3 Word
6.4 Phrase
6.5 Clause
6.6 Sentence
6.7 Paragraph
6.8 Whole Text
7. Essential Factors of the Translation Situation
7.1 The SL Speaker
7.2 The SL Text
7.3 The Client
7.4 The Translator
7.5 The TL Hearer
7.6 Translation Direction
8. Factors in Translation Theory
8.1 Sets of Factors
8.2 Relationships between Factors
8.3 Identity of Factors
8.4 Translation Principles
8.5 Equivalence
8.6 Translation or Adaptation?
8.7 Coexistence of Change Factors and Invariance Factors
8.8 Retrospect and Prospect
Notes
References
Author Index
Subject Index