Abbreviations
Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
Matching Advisors to Leaders
Does Leadership Really Matter?
What Is Learning?
Conclusion
2. Who Learns, and When?
Learning Style
Managing Advisors
A Theory of Leader-Group Relations
Conclusion
3. Eisenhower and Reagan: Comparing Learning Styles
The Eisenhower Administration
Learning Style
Advisors
The Reagan Administration
Learning Style
Advisors
Conclusion
4. Learning
Learning In an Open Administration
The Fall of Dien Bien Phu
Alaskan Statehood
Learning In a Closed Administration
The International Debt Shock
The Withdrawal from Lebanon
Conclusion
5. Groupthink
Balance of Payments Deficits
McCarthyism
Conclusion
6. Deadlock
The Budget Deficit
The Iran-Contra Affair
Conclusion
7. Conclusion
The Politics of Advice
Why Learn?
Notes
Bibliography
Index